Tag: specification

  • 98.5% Hydroxyapatite. The Other 1.5% Came From the Shell.

    98.5% Hydroxyapatite. The Other 1.5% Came From the Shell.

    Indonesia produced 67,201,200 kg of eggshell waste as the world’s eighth-largest egg-producing nation in 2017. Most of it goes to landfill, where it decomposes into ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and amines, and attracts what that attracts. Converting that stream into a biomaterial is a genuinely good idea, and it is the idea this entire industry rests on.

    It also means the feedstock is an agricultural product, with an agricultural product’s variability. So the useful question is not whether eggshell makes good hydroxyapatite. It is what else comes along.

    What a shell is made of

    El Milla, Hartami, Priyanto and Adrian, working at Universitas Brawijaya in Malang, published exactly that measurement in the Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences in April 2023.

    They start with the shell itself. Calcium carbonate makes up 94–97% of an eggshell’s chemical components, with 3–4.5% organic content. Alongside it sit small quantities of other things: MgO at 0.83%, SO₃ at 0.66%, SrO at 0.43%, plus P₂O₅, Al₂O₃, K₂O, SiO₂ and Cl₂O₃.

    Their material was made by the hydrothermal route from Golden Comet chicken eggshells collected in Serang, Banten — milled to 100 mesh, calcined at 1000 °C for five hours to convert the carbonate to calcium oxide, then reacted with diammonium hydrogen phosphate at a Ca/P mole ratio of 1.67 and held at 230 °C for 48 hours. Particle size analysis put the average grain size at 243.4 ± 5 nm.

    98.5, and the remainder

    The X-ray diffraction result is a good one. The synthesised material came out at 98.5% hydroxyapatite.

    The remaining 1.5% was silica — and the paper does not leave its origin ambiguous. The impurity, it says, “came from the egg shell which was used as the starting material for the synthesis.”

    That is the sentence worth keeping. The contaminant was not introduced by poor handling or a dirty vessel. It was in the feedstock, it survived 1000 °C and 48 hours of hydrothermal synthesis, and it arrived in the product. There were also peaks in the diffractogram the authors could not assign — “not compounds of the elements Ca, Si, O, H, and P” — which they marked and reported rather than quietly smoothing away.

    Their own conclusion notes the material is a good candidate “but other strategy needed to eliminate the impurities especially for tissue regeneration material.”

    Why the trace table exists

    Set this beside ISO 13779-1, which caps arsenic at 3 mg/kg, cadmium at 5, mercury at 5 and lead at 30, with a total ceiling of 50 mg/kg for metals with adverse biological reactions.

    Those limits can look like bureaucratic furniture until you have read a paper that traces a product impurity directly back to the raw material it was made from. A biogenic feedstock inherits its source’s composition — the beneficial trace elements everyone advertises, and the ones nobody puts on a label, by the same mechanism. Magnesium and strontium are sold as advantages. Silica arrived by exactly the same route and is sold as nothing at all.

    None of which argues against eggshell as a source. It argues against treating “naturally derived” as though it settled the purity question, when it is the reason the question has to be asked.

    Chickens are fed differently in different places, and their shells reflect it. Which makes the composition of the feedstock a supplier variable like any other — one that a serious producer measures per lot, and an unserious one describes in a marketing sentence.

    Sources

    El Milla L, Hartami E, Priyanto R, Adrian AGW. “Synthesis and Characterization of Eggshell Based Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: X-ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy Analysis.” Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 19(SUPP5):15–18, April 2023 (open access) — medic.upm.edu.my. Trace-element limits from ISO 13779-1:2008(E), Table 1 — iso.org/standard/43826.html.

  • “Meets ISO 13779.” The Standard Says It Does Not Apply to Powder.

    “Meets ISO 13779.” The Standard Says It Does Not Apply to Powder.

    The certificate of analysis runs to a single page. Assay, appearance, loss on drying, heavy metals, a Ca/P figure — and then, near the bottom, the line that ends most procurement conversations before they start: conforms to ISO 13779.

    It is a reassuring line. ISO 13779 is the international standard for hydroxyapatite in surgical implants, and a supplier willing to name it is a supplier submitting to an external rule. So the sensible next step is the one almost nobody takes: open the standard and read the first clause.

    Clause 1

    ISO 13779-1:2008, Implants for surgery — Hydroxyapatite — Part 1: Ceramic hydroxyapatite, opens its scope like this: “This part of ISO 13779 applies to hydroxyapatite blocks.”

    Then it says what it does not apply to: “hydroxyapatite coatings, hydroxyapatite powder or nanoparticle-type and calcium phosphate ceramics which are not mainly composed of crystalline hydroxyapatite.” In case the point is missed, a separate sentence repeats it: “This part of ISO 13779 does not apply to nanoparticle-type materials.”

    Powder is excluded by name. Nanoparticles are excluded twice.

    None of which makes the supplier dishonest. Part 2 of the standard covers thermally sprayed coatings, Part 3 covers the chemical analysis and characterisation methods, Part 4 covers coating adhesion. A powder house may well run its material against the Part 3 methods and get good numbers. But “conforms to ISO 13779” on a powder certificate is a claim against a document whose own scope clause excludes the product it is printed on.

    What the standard actually demands

    Here is the part that reframes the whole exercise. Suppose the standard did apply. What would passing it prove?

    Clause 4.3 sets the crystalline phase composition: “hydroxyapatite shall be 50 % mass fraction or greater”, while α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate and calcium oxide “shall each be equal to or less than 5 % mass fraction.” The definition backs this up — “ceramic hydroxyapatite” is defined in the standard as material containing “more than 50 % mass fraction of crystalline hydroxyapatite.”

    Fifty per cent. A material can be half something else and still be ceramic hydroxyapatite under ISO 13779-1.

    The remaining requirements are tighter and more useful. The calcium-to-phosphorus atomic ratio must fall between 1.65 and 1.82. The hydroxyapatite phase must show a crystallinity value not less than 95 % of the fully crystalline reference. And Table 1 sets hard trace-element ceilings in mg/kg: arsenic 3, cadmium 5, mercury 5, lead 30 — with a further rule that “the maximum allowable limit for metals having adverse biological reactions shall be a total of 50 mg/kg.”

    Those are the numbers worth having on a certificate. They are also the numbers most powder certificates summarise into two words: heavy metals, followed by a single pooled figure that tells you nothing about which metal.

    The question that replaces the line

    So the reassuring line turns out to be the least informative thing on the page — a standard cited for its authority rather than its content, against a product it excludes, with a purity floor of 50 % that no one intends you to notice.

    The replacement is not a longer certificate. It is four specific asks: the four trace elements reported individually against those ceilings, the Ca/P ratio as a measured number, the crystallinity value, and the phase breakdown with each secondary phase named and quantified. A supplier who can produce those every lot is telling you what their process does. A supplier who answers with a standard’s name is telling you what their marketing does.

    Sources

    ISO 13779-1:2008(E), Implants for surgery — Hydroxyapatite — Part 1: Ceramic hydroxyapatite, second edition 2008-10-01, ISO/TC 150/SC 1 — scope (clause 1), definitions (3.1), and requirements (4.1–4.4, Table 1). Standard catalogue entry: iso.org/standard/43826.html. The related parts are ISO 13779-2 (thermally sprayed coatings), ISO 13779-3 (chemical analysis and characterisation of crystallinity ratio and phase purity) and ISO 13779-4 (coating adhesion strength). ASTM F1185, Standard Specification for Composition of Hydroxylapatite for Surgical Implants, is listed in the standard’s own bibliography.

  • Two of the World’s Best Measurement Labs Sized the Same Particles — and Got Different Numbers

    Two of the World’s Best Measurement Labs Sized the Same Particles — and Got Different Numbers

    Two of the World’s Best Measurement Labs Sized the Same Particles — and Got Different Numbers

    In 2019, two national metrology institutes — Japan’s NMIJ and the United States’ NIST — ran what should have been the least surprising experiment in materials science. Both received particles from the same manufactured lot: polystyrene spheres, certified at 30, 50, 70 and 100 nanometres, about as well-behaved as particles get. Both used dynamic light scattering (DLS), a standard sizing technique. These are the laboratories other laboratories calibrate against. And as the study published in Metrologia reports, the apparent particle sizes were “invariably observed to disagree with each other.”

    Nothing Was Broken

    The uncomfortable finding was that both institutes were right. The instruments differed in laser wavelength, scattering angle, and sample concentration — and each of those quietly changes the number a DLS instrument reports. Only after the physicists corrected for every parameter did the two labs converge. Even then, the technique read the certified 29 nm particles as 33.2 nm — roughly 14% large — because DLS doesn’t measure the particle itself. It measures the particle plus the shell of water moving with it. The paper notes that international comparisons have generally found “a conspicuous difference” between DLS and methods that measure geometry directly, such as electron microscopy.

    The Population One Instrument Couldn’t See

    The stakes get clearer in a case documented by the EU and US nanomedicine characterisation laboratories. A sample measured by DLS showed a main peak at 87 nm — a tidy result. Laser diffraction on the same material found something else: a second population at 7.7 micrometres, nearly a hundred times larger, which DLS had missed entirely because large particles settle out of the laser’s path. One instrument said “uniform nano-suspension.” The other said “contains visible-scale aggregates.” Same sample.

    What the Gatekeepers Concluded

    Those two laboratories — the European Nanomedicine Characterisation Lab and the US National Cancer Institute’s characterisation lab, which screen materials before they reach regulators — drew a formal conclusion: “no single technique is capable to measure the particle size distribution” of every sample under every condition. Their standard practice is orthogonal measurement: multiple independent methods, cross-checked, with electron microscopy as the only direct witness to what crystals actually look like.

    What This Means at the Purchasing Desk

    Hydroxyapatite buyers live downstream of this physics. A “D50 of 5 µm” is not a property of the powder alone — it is a property of the powder plus the instrument, its settings, and the dispersion state of the sample. So the questions that matter on a datasheet are the ones metrologists ask each other: Which method produced this number? Dispersed or as-supplied? What are the D10 and D90, not just the median? Are there electron microscope images of this grade?

    The Number That Actually Predicts Performance

    If national laboratories need corrections to agree with each other, no buyer should compare two suppliers’ numbers at face value. What can be compared is consistency: whether a supplier’s distribution holds from lot to lot on the same declared method. That is a discipline of process control — the reason tightly controlled grades, such as Japanese eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite, are specified not for the figure on the sheet but because every delivery measures the same.

    Sources: Takahashi et al. 2019, Metrologia (open access via PMC); Caputo et al. 2019, Journal of Controlled Release (open access).

  • Sourcing Hydroxyapatite: MOQ, Lead Times, and Specification Risk for Buyers

    Sourcing Hydroxyapatite: MOQ, Lead Times, and Specification Risk for Buyers

    Sourcing Hydroxyapatite: MOQ, Lead Times, and Specification Risk for Buyers

    A brilliant formulation is only as reliable as its supply chain. Hydroxyapatite is a specialised, engineered material, and buying it well means looking past unit price to the factors that actually determine whether you can launch on time and stay consistent: minimum order quantities, lead times, documentation, and the often-underestimated risk of specification drift. This is a practical procurement view for brands and formulators.

    Price Is the Smallest Part of the Decision

    Hydroxyapatite grades vary widely in quality, and the cheapest powder is frequently the most expensive once you account for inconsistent performance, failed batches, and reformulation. The right framing is total cost of ownership: a slightly higher unit price for a consistently specified, well-documented material usually pays for itself by eliminating downstream surprises.

    Minimum Order Quantities (MOQ)

    MOQ shapes both cash flow and risk. Considerations for buyers:

    • Match MOQ to your stage. An early-stage brand committing to a large MOQ ties up capital and risks holding stock that ages before use.
    • Understand shelf life relative to your consumption rate, so a large, cheaper lot does not expire before you formulate it out.
    • Ask about sampling and pilot quantities for development before committing to production MOQs.

    Lead Times and Continuity

    An engineered material with controlled synthesis is not made overnight. Realistic lead times must be built into launch planning, and continuity of supply matters as much as the first order. Key questions: What is the standard production and shipping lead time? Is there buffer stock? What is the contingency if a lot fails QC? For brands selling continuously, a supplier who cannot guarantee ongoing availability is a hidden risk to the whole product line.

    Documentation Is Part of the Product

    For hydroxyapatite, the paperwork is not bureaucracy, it is what makes the material usable in regulated categories. Expect and require:

    • A detailed certificate of analysis covering composition, particle characteristics, and purity.
    • Contaminant data, heavy metals and other residuals, appropriate to the application.
    • Regulatory and safety documentation that supports your filings in target markets.
    • Consistent specifications you can write into your own internal standards.

    Specification Risk: The One That Bites Later

    The most damaging sourcing problem is subtle: a material that meets spec on paper but drifts in particle size, morphology, crystallinity, or phase purity from lot to lot. Formulations validated on one batch then misbehave on the next, and the failure often surfaces in production or, worse, in market. Mitigating this means qualifying suppliers on demonstrated batch-to-batch consistency, not just a single good sample. Request data across multiple lots and, where possible, retain samples for your own comparison.

    Why Engineered Grades Reduce Procurement Risk

    A material whose synthesis is tightly controlled converts most of the risks above into manageable, predictable factors. Hydroxyapatite-LC by BiST Tech Japan is frequently referenced as a benchmark because controlled crystal structure, purity, and consistency translate directly into procurement confidence, dependable specifications, supportable documentation, and fewer surprises at scale. For help interpreting supplier paperwork, see our guidance on reading a certificate of analysis and our HAP comparison page.

    This article is for educational and procurement-information purposes. Always verify supplier documentation and confirm regulatory requirements for your specific market and application.